فصلنامه ایمنی زیستی
سال هشتم شماره 1 (بهار 1394)

Gene expression, regulates cell properties. While some genes candidate for cell activity, the others repressed for long time. Eukaryote cell remind Gene expression pattern even in absence induction agent. Epigenetic refer a term encompassing every mechanism that results in heritable changes to gene expression without affecting the DNA sequence. Epigenetic mechanism consists of biological process from the zygosis till death, such as gametogenesis, Embryo formation, cell development and diffraction. The most major epigenetic control related to Chromatin rearrangement, Histone modification, DNA methylation, non-coding RNA activity.

Today chemical activities inter a lot of toxic compounds into the environment. Aromatic compounds are a large category of these group. Phenol is one of most toxic aromatic compounds that inter into the environment by various way. Several methods introduced to invironmental cleanup but they are very expensive and make a lot of problems. Numerous microorganism has been identified that use phenol as a nutrient and they can eliminate this compound. In this research the genes which participate in phenol biodegradation, and the effect of several substantial factor such as carbon, nitrogen and temperature on phenol biodegradation are analyzed.

Ovarian cancer is the sixth most common cancer worldwide and the second most lethal cancer in women and the seventh most common cause of cancer death in women and 2% of women who have no family history of it in their lifetime may be affected. Ovarian cancer remains the leading cause of cancer deaths in the genital tract. Though society may seem defenseless against infection, but can be used with multiple risk factors that have been identified as at risk of removal of both tubes and ovaries is proposed Up to 99% protection against the disease. As a result, identifying risk factors for ovarian cancer and the tumor can be effectively adopted announcement is helpful. The purpose of this study was to assess risk factors and involved genes in ovarian cancer are effective.

Today, with the arrival of enzymes as biological catalysts in pulp and paper industry, we are witnessing the development of the industry, improve the quality of paper production, saving cellulose resources and increase crop yields. This article will explain the role of the most important industrial enzymes used cellulase, hemi-cellulase, endoglucanase, Lakaz, lipase and esterase present in the pulp and paper industry.  The results showed that the enzyme has advantages such as reducing the need for chemicals, improve the quality of bleached, increased strength and resistance properties of paper, deinking and pulp are removed from the viscous polymeric materials. So improve the quality of the papers are produced without environmental damage. Since the enzyme is more effective than the traditional paper industry, the need for more research on industrial enzymes and their applications in the pulp and paper manufacturing process to further progress seems necessary in pulp and paper industry.

Yeasts are eukaryotic cells that are not only important in terms of economic, social and health matters but also have application in biotechnology, industry and production of enzymes, vaccines, food and some recombinant medicines. These single-cells are isolated from natural environment or as micro flora and fauna which is cultured lately in mass. Yeasts special privileges include: fast and high resistance to a wide range of different materials which has caused many applications in aquatic husbandry. Undoubtedly, high value of food and affordable financing in fish farming is considered. The molecular manipulations and yeast as well as enriching of these organisms could improve the quality of growth and survival of the fishes by these biotechnologic and valuable microorganism. Yeasts also have been suggested as a dietary supplement in laboratory studies, cultural and even human beings, for example, Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a useful yeast which frequently used in the food industry.

Technology of molecular imprinting is a great way to improve selectivity of sensors through the formation of molecular imprinted polymers on the surface of the quantum dots. So if high selectivity of molecular imprinted technology and excellent optical properties of quantum dots get combined, a new material created that has selective absorption and useful information can be obtained by examining the optical behavior of quantum dots. These sensors that are designed according to the research, medical and industrial centers, can be used to measure concentrations better than conventional laboratory methods. Molecular imprinted polymers are important research issues in the centers in the past decade. In this paper, we introduce molecular imprinted polymers, molecular imprinting, principles of molecular imprinting and also the introduction of quantum dots as an optical nanoparticle and then explain about the placement of molecular imprinted polymers on the quantum dots and their application as an optical sensor.

In genetic engineering, Primer is an oligonucleotide with 18-26 base pair (bp) that attached to target DNA and have a critical role in the specificity of the PCR reaction. An appropriate primer design is one of the most important factor for good PCR. A poorly designed primer can result in little or no target product, due to non-specific amplification or primer dimer formation leading to reaction failure, even when all the other parameters are properly optimized. There are number of criteria such as primer length, Tm, GC contents, 3'-end sequence, 5'-end sequence, primer-dimer formation, hairpin-loop structure formation that need to be established in the design of primers to have efficient primers for PCR reaction. This article provides general guidelines for PCR primer design.

Problems such as environmental pollution and limited access to fossil fuels together with obtained advancements in the field of enzymatic technology and genetic engineering have urged researchers to produce ethanol successfully by using raw materials such as wooden waste, remains of agricultural crops and pre-extracted hemicelluloses in pulp mills. In present study, it is investigated the production approach of bioethanol from pre-extracted hemicelluloses in pulp mills by using experimental and library studies. Results show that pre-extracted hemicelluloses are suitable materials in pulp and paper mill for producing bioethanol. The pre-extraction of hemicelluloses caused a 55% reduction of the wasted steam in pulp mills due to reducing flow rate of solids in black liquor. In addition to producing ethanol, the pre-extraction of hemicelluloses caused to reduce consumption of energy and bleaching chemicals, increase pulp quality and brightness and also decrease paper strengths. Hemicelluloses pre-extraction of wooden chips causes to decrease energy consumption up to 13% in the limekiln. Also, the extraction of hemicelluloses before pulping increase the pulping capacity by 22% of the original pulp mill.

Today, there is a desperate need to eradicate extreme hunger, poverty and improve the security of our food supply. Therefore, in the field of agricultural and food sciences, we have been witnessing a serious and inevitable transition from traditional agriculture to the modern agriculture and use of modern biotechnological methods in the production of crops and livestock products. However, some challenges are available to reach to agricultural biotechnologies that affecting on acceptance and application of this technology. At international level, some counciles focused on prosperity of economy and market of agricultural GM products, and in other hand, some of councils believed on executive supervision on GM products. One of the main reasons of divergence international lwas is due to affect of different socio-economic considerations on this technology. So, main viewpoint and socio-economic considerion affecting on acceptance of biotechnology are disscued in this paper